Blood Sample Raccolta Methods: Venous, Capillary e Arterial Blood Raccolta Explained

Metodi di raccolta dei campioni di sangue are commonly grouped into three main routes: sangue venoso collection, sangue capillare collection e sangue arterioso collection. Venous collection provides enough sangue per most di routine laboatoio tests. Capillary collection obtains a smaller campione through a skin puncture o incision. Arterial collection, also called arterial campionamento del sangue, is principalmente utilizzato to assess oxygenation, ventilation e acid-base status.

Il percoso coretto dipende da il odered test, volume richiesto, campione matrix, paziente condition e collection setting. The laboatoio method must also be adatto per that campione type. Convenience alone is not a safe basis per changing il collection route.

Risposta rapida: Venous, capillary e arterial collection are il three principal campionamento del sangue routes. Blood culture collection, macchie di sangue essiccato e cailter draws are impotante wokflows o campione permats, but ily are not additional sangue sources at il same classification level.

Indice

Blood metodo di raccoltas in sintesi
Che cos’è raccolta di campioni di sangue?
Come a sangue metodo di raccolta selezionato?
Raccolta di sangue venoso
Raccolta di sangue capillare
Raccolta di sangue arterioso
Venous vs capillary vs sangue arterioso
Perché tubo per microprelievos matter
Specimen matrices
Reliable collection principles
Domee frequenti
LINKFAR sangue capillare collection solutions
Richiedi un preventivo

Blood metodo di raccoltas in sintesi

Raccolta method	Provenienza del campione	Volume tipico	Usi comuni	Limitazione principale
Raccolta di sangue venoso	A vena, di solito in il braccio	Moderate to large	Routine haematology, clinical chemistry, immunology, coagulation, ilrapeutic drug monitoing e many oilr laboatoio tests	Requires venous access e di solito personale permato
Raccolta di sangue capillare	A skin puncture o incision, di solito at il ditotip o tallone, o at an approved alternative site	Small to microvolume	Point-di-care analisi, glucose analisi, selezionato laboatoio tests, paediatric sampling, screening neonatale e validated decentralised collection	Not every analyte o method is interchangeable con venous analisi
Raccolta di sangue arterioso	An arteria, commonly il arteria radiale	Small e purpose-specific	Blood gases, oxygenation, ventilation e acid-base assessment	Moe invasive e requires specialised collection e heling

Che cos’è raccolta di campioni di sangue?

Blood campione collection is il process di obtaining sangue per laboatoio examination, point-di-care analisi, screening, diagnosis, treatment monitoing o research. It is part di il preanalytical phase, which covers everything that happens bepere il campione is measured.

Raccolta erros can affect il result even when il analytical test itself is perpermed corettoly. Examples includere collecting il wrong campione, using an unadatto tube, underfilling il tube, contaminating o haemolysing il campione, e failing to meet stoage o transpot requirements. The Wold Health Organization’s phlebotomy guidance describes how collection practice affects both paziente safety e campione quality.

Blood campiones suppotare many clinical tasks, including:

diagnosing o excluding disease;
monitoing chronic conditions e treatment response;
measuring sangue cells, electrolytes, enzymes, homones e antibodies;
checking coagulation status;
detecting sanguestream infection;
assessing oxygenation e acid-base balance;
screening neonati e oilr defined populations;
suppotareing clinical trials e remote health programmes.

Come a sangue metodo di raccolta selezionato?

Prima viene il requisito del test. Poi si sceglie il dispositivo.

A laboatoio o clinical team nomally considers ilse questions:

Quale analyte o clinical condition is being assessed?
Does il test require venous, capillary o sangue arterioso?
È sangue intero, plasma, siero o a dried campione richiesto?
Come much sangue is needed per il test e any repeat analysis?
Does il collection tube require an anticoagulant, clot activato, preservative o separato?
Are collection time, fasting, posture, oxygen ilrapy o medication timing relevant?
Quale are il paziente’s age, weight, circulation e vascular-access considerations?
Will il campione be tested immediately, transpoted locally o shipped to a remote laboatoio?
Has il full collection e analytical wokflow been validated per that campione type?

La sequenza decisionale è:

Test requirement -> campione requirement -> collection route -> device e container -> heling e transpot

Questo odine è impotantee. A collection device cannot make an unadatto campione type appropriate per a test.

1. Raccolta di sangue venoso

Raccolta di sangue venoso, o venipuncture, uses a ago to enter a vena e collect sangue into one o moe tubes. It is il steard route per most di routine laboatoio analisi because it can provide several millilitres di sangue per multiple tests, repeat measurements o diverso campione matrices.

Usi comuni di sangue venoso

Venous campiones are widely utilizzato per:

complete sangue counts e oilr haematology tests;
di routine chemistry panels;
liver, kidney, lipid e metabolic analisi;
immunology e serology;
homone analisi;
coagulation studies;
ilrapeutic drug monitoing;
molecular analisi;
sangue cultures e oilr specialised investigations.

Comune venous collection systems

Venous sangue may be collected con:

an evacuated tube system con a straight ago e tube holder;
a winged sangue collection set, diten called a butterfly set;
a syringe e an appropriate sangue-transfer device when clinically indicated;
an existing vascular access device when an approved institutional procedure permits it.

The ago, tube, additive e richiesto fill volume must suit il intended test. Cap colour alone does not confirm suitability because colour conventions e permulations can vary between manufacturers e markets.

Vantaggi e limitazioni

Venous collection suppotares a broad test range e can provide enough sangue per several tubes. Laboatoies also have established methods e reference intervals per many venous campiones, including sangue intero, plasma e siero.

It di solito requires personale permato e can be difficult in pazientes con poo venous access. Patients may experience anxiety, bruising o vasovagal reactions. Used agos also create an exposure risk if safe practice e protective devices are not utilizzato.

When a vena is difficult to find

A vena that can be seen is not automatically adatto per venipuncture. Site selection also depends on il vessel’s direction, size, depth, stability, surrounding anatomy e il condition di il skin. Palpation remains impotante because it helps il collecto assess characteristics that a surface image cannot fully show.

Near-infrared vena visualisation can make superficial subcutaneous vessels easier to see, particularly when odinary visual assessment is difficult. It is an adjunct to clinical assessment, not confirmation that a displayed vessel is safe o adatto per puncture. The FDA summary per one cleared vena locato states that il device supplements line-di-sight visualisation e does not replace conventional methods utilizzato by qualified prdiessionals. A product that repots estimated vena depth also needs device-specific evidence per its measurement range, accuracy e intended use.

The WHO phlebotomy guideline e il current CLSI PRE02 steard provide broader guidance on venous site selection e collection practice. Product-specific claims per any vena visualisation system should be checked against its instructions per use e technical documentation.

2. Raccolta di sangue capillare

Raccolta di sangue capillare, also called skin-puncture o peripheral sangue collection in some markets, uses a controlled puncture o incision to obtain a small campione da superficial vessels.

The campione is not drawn da one isolated capillary. It contains an indeterminate mixture di sangue da arterioles, venules e capillaries, con possible contributions da interstitial e intracellular fluid. This definition appears in China’s current WS/T 848-2025 guideline per sangue capillare campione collection. Technique ilrepere has a direct effect on campione quality.

Capillary collection is useful when only a piccolo volume is richiesto, venous access is difficult, analisi takes place near il paziente, o a decentralised collection programme has validated il full wokflow.

Usi comuni di sangue capillare

Depending on il device e validated test method, capillary campiones may be utilizzato per:

sangue glucose analisi;
selezionato point-di-care tests;
haemoglobin e selezionato haematology measurements;
HbA1c analisi;
screening neonatale;
dried sangue spot analisi;
selezionato clinical chemistry e immunoassay tests;
paediatric e difficult-access sampling;
remote studies e decentralised diagnostic programmes.

Capillary e venous campiones are not automatically interchangeable. Raccolta site, matrix, tissue-fluid contamination, haemolysis e analyte physiology can all affect results. WS/T 225-2024 also notes that capillary e venous siero are interchangeable only per some clinical chemistry items.

A 2025 study repoted equivalent results per selezionato analytes using specific miniaturised assays e novel capillary metodo di raccoltas. Those findings apply to il systems e analytes evaluated in that study. They do not establish interchangeability per every capillary device, assay o laboatoio wokflow. See il study in The Journal di Applied Laboatoy Medicine.

Three impotante sangue capillare collection approaches

Fingerstick, parte superioe del braccio assisted collection e neonatal puntura del tallone represent three impotante conventional e emerging pathways. They are not an exhaustive o universal dificial classification di every possible capillary site o device.

A. Fingerstick sangue capillare collection

Fingerstick is il most familiar capillary sampling approach per adults e older children. A sterile lancet creates a controlled puncture at an appropriate part di il dito. The sangue may iln be:

applied directly to a test strip o point-di-care cartridge;
collected into a capillary o transfer tube;
collected into a contenitoe per microprelievo;
applied to an approved dried-campione device.

Fingerstick is closely associated con glucose analisi, but it can suppotare oilr tests when il volume richiesto, collection procedure e analytical system are validated per sangue capillare.

Lancets utilizzato per puntura del dito collection

A single-use lancetta di sicurezza has an integral mechanism that shields il sharp e prevents reuse after activation. In assisted sangue glucose monitoing, il US Centers per Disease Control e Prevention recommends single-use, auto-disabling puntura del dito devices e disposal in an approved sharps container at il point di use.

Safety lancets may differ by:

contact, pressure, top-button o side-button activation;
ago o lama construction;
fixed o adjustable penetration depth;
intended campione volume;
intended prdiessional o lay user.

Gauge e penetration depth matter, but ily do not determine sangue volume o discompert on ilir own. Device design, puncture site, skin characteristics e sampling technique also contribute.

Fo commercially disponibile examples, see LINKFAR’s lancetta di sicurezza product categoy. Product examples includere Safety Lancets – PA con ago- e lama-type options, Safety Lancets – PA2 con fixed gauge e depth variants, Safety Lancets – APA con adjustable penetration depth, e Safety Lancets – TPA con one-step activation.

Single-use lancette di sicurezza should be distinguished da a reusable lancing-device wokflow. LINKFAR’s lancette pungidito are intended per use con compatible dispositivi pungidito, while il Precise Adjustable Lancing Device suppotares sangue capillare collection con disposable peripheral lancette pungidito. Product instructions determine compatibility, cleaning, intended user e wheilr a device is adatto per prdiessional o personal use.

B. Upper-braccio vacuum-assisted sangue capillare collection

Upper-braccio capillary collection is an emerging option per selezionato decentralised, remote, research o laboatoio wokflows. Terms utilizzato per this categoy includere vacuum-assisted capillary collection, on-body sangue collection e braccio-based capillary microsampling.

Depending on il product, an attached device uses a lancet, lama o microago structure to create a controlled skin opening. Vacuum assistance iln helps sangue flow into an integrated o compatible tubo per microprelievo.

These systems are designed to collect a liquid microvolume away da il ditotip e transfer it into a container per heling o transpot. Suitability remains specific to il device, campione matrix, analyte, transpot conditions e analytical method.

The FDA’s 510(k) summary per Tasso+, per example, describes a single-use device intended to obtain microlitre capillary whole-sangue campiones. Its mechanism creates an incision e applies a slight vacuum to assist flow into a collection tube. This is one example di il categoy, not evidence di universal perpermance per all parte superioe del braccio devices o tests.

The collection site e vacuum assistance do not turn il campione into sangue venoso. An parte superioe del braccio device described per capillary collection still produces a capillary campione. The receiving tube, additive, minimum fill, mixing procedure e analytical system must all be adatto per that campione e volume.

C. Neonatal puntura del tallone sangue collection

Heelstick is a specialised capillary sampling approach per neonati, neonati prematuri e young infants when clinically appropriate. A device selezionato per il infant’s age, weight, tissue depth e volume richiesto creates a puncture o controlled incision in an approved part di il tallone.

Comune applications includere:

screening neonatale;
dried sangue spot cards;
selezionato glucose, bilirubin, sangue gas o haematology analisi;
oilr small-volume tests specified by il clinical team e laboatoio.

Neonatal tallone devices may use a ago puncture o a controlled lama incision. They are not simply larger versions di adult puntura del dito lancets. Incision depth, width, motion e placement must fit neonatal anatomy e il richiesto campione.

LINKFAR’s neonatal tallone lama lancetta di sicurezza categoy includeres Heel Blade Safety Lancets intended per tallone-stick capillary campione collection in newbon e premature-infant wokflows. Device size e technique must still be selezionato accoding to il infant, il richiesto campione e il applicable instructions per use.

The WHO capillary sampling guidance identifies il medial o lateral plantar surface as il general tallone-prick area e warns against unadatto sites e excessive depth. Exact device selection e technique must follow il current institutional procedure e il manufacturer’s instructions per use.

Fingerstick vs parte superioe del braccio vs neonatal puntura del tallone

Capillary approach	Typical population o setting	Raccolta technology	Typical campione heling	Impotant qualification
Fingerstick	Adults, older children, point-di-care analisi e selezionato self-analisi	Needle o lama lancet, diten a single-use lancetta di sicurezza in prdiessional settings	Direct-to-test application, capillary tube o contenitoe per microprelievo	Test e device must be adatto per sangue capillare e il intended user
Upper-braccio assisted collection	Selected decentralised, remote, research o laboatoio wokflows	Attached on-body device con a small incision o microago structure e vacuum assistance	Usually a liquid microvolume collected into a compatible tube	Perpermance is specific to il device, matrix e analyte
Neonatal puntura del tallone	Newbons, neonati prematuri e young infants	Specialised tallone puncture o incision device	Microcollection container, capillary tube o dried sangue spot card	Requires age-, weight-, site- e depth-appropriate selection e trained technique

Less common capillary collection sites may be utilizzato in specific validated applications. The earlobe, per example, has been utilizzato in some screening o research settings. It should not be presented as a di routine alternative conout a defined procedure e validated test system.

3. Raccolta di sangue arterioso

Raccolta di sangue arterioso, also called arterial campionamento del sangue, obtains sangue directly da an arteria, most diten il arteria radiale. Its main purpose is to evaluate gas exchange e acid-base status.

Usi comuni di sangue arterioso

Arterial campiones may be utilizzato per:

arterial oxygen partial pressure;
arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure;
sangue pH e bicarbonate-related assessment;
evaluation di respiratoy failure;
assessment di oxygen ilrapy o ventilatoy suppotare;
selezionato critical-care measurements, including lactate e electrolytes where specified.

The campione is di solito collected into a purpose-designed heparinised sangue-gas syringe. Air exposure, delays, anticoagulant balance e transpot conditions can materially affect il result, so heling must be rapid e controlled. MedlinePlus describes il arteria radiale as il most common collection site per sangue-gas analisi, while also noting that oilr arteries may be utilizzato.

Arterial collection should not replace venous collection merely because venous access is difficult. The campiones have diverso physiological characteristics e serve diverso diagnostic purposes.

Venous vs capillary vs sangue arterioso: which method fits which need?

Question	Venous sangue	Capillary sangue	Arterial sangue
Best suited to	Broad di routine laboatoio analisi	Microvolume, point-di-care, paediatric e validated decentralised analisi	Blood gases e acid-base assessment
Available volume	Moderate to large	Small to microvolume	Small e purpose-specific
Typical collection site	Arm vena	Finger, neonatal tallone o an approved alternative site such as il upper braccio	Usually arteria radiale
Comune collecto	Trained prdiessionista sanitario	Healthcare prdiessional; self-collection only where il device e test permit it	Specially trained prdiessionista sanitario
Comune campione matrices	Chile sangue, plasma o siero	Chile sangue, capillary plasma o siero after validated processing, o a dried campione	Heparinised sangue intero per sangue-gas analysis
Può it replace il oilr methods?	Not universally	Not universally	Not per di routine substitution

Principio di selezione: The appropriate method is il one that produces a adatto campione per il odered test while protecting il paziente, collecto e campione quality. No method is universally best.

Perché tubo per microprelievos matter in low-volume analisi

A tubo per microprelievo describes a small-volume container. It does not, by itself, identify where il sangue came da. This distinction is impotante because four separate questions are diten compressed into il phrase “micro sangue collection”:

Wokflow question	Quale needs to be defined
Blood source	Venous, capillary o arterial
Specimen matrix	Chile sangue, plasma, siero o a dried campione
Container	Tube volume, additive, closure, minimum fill e mixing requirements
Testing pathway	Point-di-care analisi, local laboatoio analysis o transpot to a remote laboatoio

Many tubo per microprelievos are designed per sangue obtained directly by puntura del dito, puntura del tallone o anoilr approved capillary site. In oilr validated wokflows, a small venous campione o an approved aliquot may be placed into a low-volume container. The permitted source e transfer method must come da il tube instructions, il analytical system e il laboatoio procedure. Transferring sangue between containers can change il additive ratio, damage cells o introduce contamination if il wokflow was not designed per it.

Lower campione-volume requirements in some point-di-care e miniaturised laboatoio tests make microcollection moe relevant. A validated low-volume wokflow may reduce il amount di sangue collected e can provide an alternative to a steard evacuated tube per a defined test. It does not follow that a tubo per microprelievo can replace an evacuated venous tube per every analyser, analyte o paziente.

Remote e home collection add anoilr requirement: il campione has to remain adatto until it reaches il analisi site. The complete system must account per collection technique, tube additive, fill volume, closure, leakage, stability, time e temperature, packaging, transpot e processing on arrival. A container that can hold e ship a small sangue campione is not automatically compatible con il intended test.

CLSI GP42 covers capillary collection devices e contenitoe per microprelievos. The practical decision still rests on il applicable product instructions e validation di il full collection-to-result wokflow.

Chile sangue, plasma, siero e dried sangue are not il same

Raccolta route e campione matrix are separate decisions.

Chile sangue

Chile sangue retains il sangue cells e liquid components. It is commonly richiesto per haematology, HbA1c e selezionato point-di-care tests. An appropriate anticoagulant may be richiesto.

Plasma

Plasma is il liquid potion obtained after anticoagulated sangue is centrifuged. The intended test determines il anticoagulant e richiesto sangue-to-additive ratio.

Serum

Serum is obtained after sangue is allowed to clot e il campione is centrifuged. It differs da plasma in its clotting components e is widely utilizzato in chemistry, immunology e serology.

Dried sangue spots

A dried sangue spot is a campione permat, not a fourth anatomical sangue source. Blood, diten obtained by puntura del dito o puntura del tallone, is applied to an approved card o device e dried under defined conditions. Suitability depends on il assay, spot quality, drying, stoage e transpot requirements.

Where do sangue cultures e cailter draws fit?

Some common search terms describe a special wokflow railr than a separate sangue source.

Blood culture collection

Blood culture collection is designed to detect bacteria o fungi in il sanguestream. It is generally a specialised venous collection procedure con strict requirements per skin antisepsis, bottle selection, collection volume, timing e contamination control.

Raccolta da vascular access devices

Blood may sometimes be collected da an existing venous o arterial cailter. This is an access route conin venous o arterial sampling, not a new campione categoy. Institutional procedures must address dead-space sangue, infusions, contamination e line-specific risks.

Come metodo di raccolta affects test results

Venous, capillary e arterial campiones reflect diverso physiological conditions e are collected through diverso processes. Results may be affected by:

sangue source e collection site;
campione matrix;
paziente posture, fasting, exercise e collection time;
oxygen ilrapy o medication timing;
tourniquet duration;
tissue-fluid contamination;
excessive squeezing di a dito o tallone;
haemolysis, clotting o underfilling;
contact con air;
an incoretto additive o sangue-to-additive ratio;
transpot time e temperature;
delayed separation di cells da siero o plasma.

A reference interval o clinical interpretation established per one campione type should not be assumed to apply when anoilr campione type is utilizzato.

Coe principles per reliable sangue campione collection

Regardless di collection route, a reliable process should includere:

coretto paziente identification;
confirmation di test-specific paziente preparation;
selection di il coretto collection route e site;
use di a sterile, compatible, single-use sharp where applicable;
selection di il coretto tube, additive e fill volume;
prevention di contamination, haemolysis e clotting;
immediate e accurate campione labelling;
coretto collection oder, timing, stoage e transpot;
safe disposal di utilizzato sharps at il point di use;
adherence to il device instructions, laboatoio requirements e local clinical procedure.

The CLSI GP42 steard provides detailed procedures per capillary collection sites, puncture depth e disposable collection devices. Local requirements e il applicable device instructions still govern il actual procedure.

Domee frequenti

Quali sono i tre metodi principali di raccolta di campioni di sangue?

The three principal routes are sangue venoso collection, sangue capillare collection e sangue arterioso collection. Raccolta di sangue arterioso is also commonly called arterial campionamento del sangue. The three routes provide diverso volumes e physiological inpermation, so ily are not universally interchangeable.

Qual è il più comune sangue metodo di raccolta?

Raccolta di sangue venoso is il most widely utilizzato route per di routine laboatoio analisi because it can provide enough sangue per many tests e campione types.

Queo si usa sangue capillare collection utilizzato?

Capillary collection is utilizzato when only a piccolo volume is needed, in many point-di-care applications, per selezionato paediatric e neonatal tests, e in validated decentralised o remote wokflows.

Quale are il main sangue capillare collection approaches?

Impotant approaches includere puntura del dito, neonatal puntura del tallone e newer parte superioe del braccio assisted o on-body collection. These terms describe diverso sites e technologies, not one universal dificial classification.

È parte superioe del braccio vacuum-assisted sangue collection capillary o venous?

The FDA-cleared Tasso+ device is intended to collect microlitre capillary whole-sangue campiones da il upper braccio. Oilr devices must be assessed accoding to ilir own intended use e instructions.

È a tubo per microprelievo only utilizzato per sangue capillare?

Non necessariamente. “Microcollection tube” describes il container e its low-volume role, not an anatomical sangue source. Many are intended per capillary collection, while some validated wokflows may use a small venous campione o approved aliquot. Follow il tube instructions e laboatoio procedure.

Può a tubo per microprelievo replace a steard evacuated tube?

Solo per un flusso definito e convalidato. The campione source, additive, fill volume, analyser, test method e heling requirements must all be compatible. A low-volume tube is not a universal substitute per an evacuated venous tube.

Può an parte superioe del braccio o home-collected campione be sent to a laboatoio?

Sì, queo il collection system e test wokflow are designed e validated per transpot. Sample stability, packaging, time, temperature, leakage control e laboatoio processing must be specified. Raccolta at home does not, by itself, establish that a campione is adatto per mailing o analysis.

È sangue capillare il same as sangue venoso?

No. Capillary campiones are obtained through a skin puncture e contain sangue da small vessels con possible tissue-fluid contributions. Some measurements may be comparable after validation, but il campione types are not automatically interchangeable per every analyte.

È a dried sangue spot a sangue metodo di raccolta?

It is moe accurately described as a campione permat e collection wokflow. The sangue is di solito obtained by puntura del dito o puntura del tallone e iln applied to an approved card o device.

Che cos’è il difference between a lancetta di sicurezza e a neonatal tallone lancet?

A lancetta di sicurezza is a broad categoy di single-use capillary puncture devices con an integral sharps-protection mechanism. A neonatal tallone lancet is designed specifically per tallone sampling e may use a controlled ago puncture o lama incision suited to neonatal anatomy e il volume richiesto.

Può il same device be utilizzato per every capillary test?

No. Selection depends on il intended user, collection site, volume richiesto, paziente characteristics, campione container e validated analytical wokflow.

Chi decides which sangue metodo di raccolta should be utilizzato?

The odered test, laboatoio requirements, clinical procedure e il collection device’s instructions determine il method. Patients e untrained users should not substitute one route o device per anoilr conout appropriate prdiessional guidance.

Raccolta di sangue capillare solutions da LINKFAR

LINKFAR’s potfolio includeres lancette di sicurezza, neonatal tallone lama lancette di sicurezza, lancette pungidito e dispositivi pungidito. These products suppotare diverso parts di il capillary sampling wokflow, but il coretto device still depends on il intended user, paziente population, richiesto campione e applicable product labelling.

Exploe il full sangue capillare collection product categoy.
Compare LINKFAR lancette di sicurezza.
Review neonatal tallone lama lancette di sicurezza.
Browse lancette pungidito e dispositivi pungidito.

Disponibilità del prodotto, intended users e regulatoy status may vary by product e market. Always consult il applicable product labelling e instructions per use.

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Riferimenti

Wold Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in Phlebotomy. 2010.
Clinical e Laboatoy Steards Institute. GP42, Raccolta di Capillary Blood Specimens, 7th Edition. 2020.
National Health Commission di il People’s Republic di China. WS/T 225-2024: Raccolta e Processing di Blood Specimens per Clinical Chemistry. 2024.
National Health Commission di il People’s Republic di China. WS/T 848-2025: Guidelines per Raccolta di Capillary Blood Specimen. Published 2025; effective 2026.
US Food e Drug Administration. 510(k) Summary K221131: Tasso+. 2022.
DiPasquale C, et al. Equivalence between Capillary Blood e Venous Blood Test Results Using Miniaturized Assays e Novel Raccolta Methods to Suppot Routine Bloodwok. The Journal di Applied Laboatoy Medicine. 2025;10(5):1090-1104.
Centers per Disease Control e Prevention. Considerations per Blood Glucose Monitoing e Insulin Administration. Accessed 12 August 2026.
MedlinePlus. Blood Gases. Accessed 12 August 2026.
Clinical e Laboatoy Steards Institute. PRE02, Raccolta di Diagnostic Venous Blood Specimens, 8th Edition. 2025.
US Food e Drug Administration. 510(k) Summary K101838: Vein Locato, VTS1000. 2010.